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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication for the condition. It can ease symptoms but it can also trigger adverse effects. Consult your physician when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed kind of prescription medication that healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by enhancing the activity in brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other ailments such as the condition known as narcolepsy. It can help patients with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and improve their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and the adverse negative effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of those with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. People with these conditions should consult their doctor before starting this medication. Tell your doctor if there are any other health concerns or if you're allergic to any food or dyes. (For example tartrazine is a yellow dye that is found in processed food items and some medications. If you're on Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox), methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous effect on your blood pressure or heart rate. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) as well as the long acting chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) contain the chemical phenylalanine. This can be dangerous when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works within the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the fall-winter months. It is also used to help people quit smoking by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. A number of studies conducted on adults have demonstrated that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The fixed effect RR pooled for improvements in week 6 (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with several different drugs, including sedatives antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs. It can also increase the risk of having seizures in those who have a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for use in people with certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Bupropion is available under the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a type of medications that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they are not considered a first-line treatment for depression but they can be effective for certain people. They block the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, which increases the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed on their own or with stimulants. They can help improve the symptoms of ADHD and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also aid in managing the tics. These are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds, such as the sound of a throat clearing or blinking. TCAs may cause adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. They can also negatively interact with other medications such as anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. They can also cause teratogenic effects on animals and they can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a less harmful adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs are antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and impulse-driven behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in certain people and can be helpful in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This results in varying blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and the bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline are able to reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. However, they do not appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can trigger an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these drugs it is crucial to speak with your doctor. It is normal for people to have to test a variety of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. The medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications do not help adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost the levels of two brain chemicals, serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood and decrease depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are safer and have less side effects. They are utilized for many conditions including anxiety disorders, chronic pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression as well. add in adults medication are duloxetine, (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process that occurs in the brain after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release. The rise in levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. Although SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using as an alternative to stimulants. They are typically taken as pills. However they can also be taken in the form of liquids or patches. The FDA approved a oral SNRI known as viloxazine or Qelbree, to treat ADHD among children and adolescents in April 2021. It is not a potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are prescribed for anxiety and depression disorders, but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. Numerous studies have demonstrated that SNRI drugs, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can dramatically reduce the score of different ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure, and can interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor before taking these medications. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication can harm people and animals, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, doctors are able to prescribe them without a prescription. They are safe, effective, and have fewer side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs are not appropriate for everyone. Women who are pregnant or nursing should stay clear of taking SNRIs because they can be passed through breast milk. Patients who suffer from high blood pressure or liver issues should not be taking them, either, as they can increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help them improve their concentration and attention. add medication adults might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right dosage and dosage for each individual. During this time, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, enhance the activity of certain brain chemicals that control memory and attention. Although they are generally safe and effective for most people, they can cause serious side effects like decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects typically subside within a few days, as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medicines are also available for children and adults. They take longer to begin working, but they are able to increase concentration and control of impulses. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and guanfacine. Antidepressants also help treat ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant that has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label”, but drugmakers developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as an treatment.